In a dental practice, face masks are more than just a part of the uniform—they are essential protective tools that help prevent the transmission of infectious agents between patients and dental professionals. With so many different mask types available, it’s important to understand which masks are appropriate for different procedures and settings.
In this post, we’ll break down the differences between Level 1, Level 3, and 3M N95 masks, and explain how each is used in dentistry.
What Are ASTM Mask Levels?
ASTM International (formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials) sets the standard for medical face masks in the U.S. These masks are tested and rated for:
- Bacterial Filtration Efficiency (BFE)
- Particulate Filtration Efficiency (PFE)
- Fluid resistance
- Breathability (Delta P)
- Flammability
There are three levels of ASTM masks, with Level 1 being the lowest barrier protection and Level 3 offering the highest.
Level 1 Face Masks: Low Barrier Protection
Best for: General use, non-aerosol procedures, low fluid exposure
- BFE/PFE: ≥95%
- Fluid Resistance: 80 mmHg
- Breathability: Good (Low Delta P)
When to Use in Dentistry:
- Patient consultations
- Exams with no aerosol generation
- Administrative tasks in clinical areas
Why It Matters:
Level 1 masks are ideal for procedures with minimal risk of splatter, such as a dental check-up or orthodontic adjustments. They are breathable and cost-effective, but not suitable for high-aerosol environments.
Level 3 Face Masks: High Barrier Protection
Best for: High-risk procedures, aerosol-generating procedures, heavy fluid exposure
- BFE/PFE: ≥98%
- Fluid Resistance: 160 mmHg
- Breathability: Slightly lower (Moderate Delta P), but manageable
When to Use in Dentistry:
- Ultrasonic scaling
- High-speed handpiece use
- Surgical procedures
- Endodontic therapy
- Periodontal treatments
Why It Matters:
Level 3 masks provide the highest level of protection in a dental setting short of a respirator. With high fluid resistance and filtration, they are designed for procedures that create splatter and aerosols. Most dental providers should wear Level 3 masks during aerosol-generating procedures.
3M N95 Respirators: Maximum Respiratory Protection
Best for: Airborne precautions, high-risk patients, COVID-19 concerns, surgical and aerosol-heavy procedures in high-risk settings
- Filtration: ≥95% of airborne particles (non-oil-based)
- Fit-tested: Yes (tight seal is essential)
- Fluid Resistance: Available in surgical N95 variants (e.g., 3M 1860)
When to Use in Dentistry:
- During aerosol-generating procedures in known or suspected infectious patients
- Surgical procedures with airborne risk
- Outbreak or pandemic situations (e.g., COVID-19, tuberculosis, influenza)
Why 3M N95 Respirators?
3M is a leading manufacturer of N95 respirators, and their models (like the 3M 1860 or 3M Aura 1870+) are trusted worldwide. N95s provide a tight seal around the nose and mouth and are NIOSH-approved for airborne particle filtration. Many 3M models are also FDA-cleared as surgical respirators, offering both respiratory and fluid protection.
Important Note: N95s require fit testing for proper use. Improper fit can compromise protection.
Face Mask Usage Tips for Dental Professionals
- Change masks between patients or when they become wet or soiled.
- Never touch the front of the mask when removing—use ear loops or ties.
- Store N95 respirators properly if reusing (follow CDC/OSHA guidelines).
- Pair masks with face shields during high-aerosol procedures for added protection.
- Fit is everything: Even the best mask is ineffective if not worn correctly.
Quick Comparison Chart
| Feature | Level 1 Mask | Level 3 Mask | 3M N95 Respirator |
|---|---|---|---|
| BFE/PFE | ≥95% | ≥98% | ≥95% (airborne particles) |
| Fluid Resistance | 80 mmHg | 160 mmHg | 120-160 mmHg (surgical models) |
| Fit | Loose | Loose | Tight (requires fit test) |
| Use Case | Exams, low-risk tasks | Aerosol-generating procedures | High-risk, airborne precautions |
| Reusable? | No | No | Limited reuse (with protocol) |